What Is Discourse in Sociology

Discourse refers to how we think and communicate about people, things, the social organization of society, and the relationships among and between all three. Discourse typically emerges out of social institutions  like media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and thought, it structures and orders our lives, relationships with others, and society. It thus shapes what we are able to think and know any point in time. In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. In doing so it produces much of what occurs within us and within society. Sociologists see discourse as embedded in and emerging out of relations of power because those in control of institutions—like media, politics, law, medicine, and education—control its formation. As such, discourse, power, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to create hierarchies. Some discourses come to dominate the mainstream (dominant discourses), and are considered truthful, normal, and right, while others are marginalized and stigmatized, and considered wrong, extreme, and even dangerous. Extended Definition Let’s take a closer look at the relationships between institutions and discourse. (French social theorist Michel Foucault  wrote prolifically about institutions, power, and discourse. I draw on his theories in this discussion). Institutions organize knowledge-producing communities and shape the production of discourse and knowledge, all of which is framed and prodded along by ideology. If we define ideology  simply as one’s worldview, which reflects one’s socioeconomic position in society, then it follows that ideology influences the formation of institutions and the kinds of discourses that institutions create and distribute. If ideology is a worldview, discourse is how we organize and express that worldview in thought and language. Ideology thus shapes discourse, and, once discourse is infused throughout society, it, in turn, influences the reproduction of ideology. Take, for example, the relationship between mainstream media (an institution) and the anti-immigrant discourse that pervades U.S. society. The words that dominated a 2011 Republican presidential debate hosted by Fox News. In discussions of immigration reform, the most frequently spoken word was â€Å"illegal,† followed by â€Å"immigrants,† â€Å"country,† â€Å"border,† â€Å"illegals,† and â€Å"citizens.† Taken together, these words are part of a discourse that reflects a nationalist ideology (borders, citizens) that frames the U.S. as under attack by a foreign (immigrants)  criminal threat (illegal, illegals). Within this anti-immigrant discourse,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"illegals† and â€Å"immigrants† are juxtaposed against â€Å"citizens,† each working to define the other through their opposition. These words  reflect and reproduce very particular values, ideas, and beliefs about immigrants and U.S. citizens—ideas about rights, resources, and belonging. The Power of Discourse The power of discourse lies in its ability to provide legitimacy for certain kinds of knowledge while undermining others; and, in its ability to create subject positions, and, to turn people into objects that that can be controlled. In this case, the dominant discourse on immigration that comes out of institutions like law enforcement and the legal system is given legitimacy and superiority by their roots in the state. Mainstream media typically adopt the dominant state-sanctioned discourse and showcases it by giving airtime and print space to authority figures from those institutions.   The dominant discourse on immigration, which is anti-immigrant in nature, and endowed with authority and legitimacy, create subject positions like â€Å"citizen†Ã¢â‚¬â€people with rights in need of protection—and objects like â€Å"illegals†Ã¢â‚¬â€things that pose a threat to citizens. In contrast, the immigrants’ rights discourse that emerges out of institutions like education, politics, and from activist groups, offers the subject category, â€Å"undocumented immigrant,† in place of the object â€Å"illegal,† and is often cast as uninformed and irresponsible by the dominant discourse. Taking the case of racially charged events in Ferguson, MO, and Baltimore, MD that played out from 2014 through 2015, we can also see Foucault’s articulation of the discursive â€Å"concept† at play. Foucault wrote that concepts â€Å"create a deductive architecture† that organizes how we understand and relate to those associated with it. Concepts like â€Å"looting† and â€Å"rioting† have been used in mainstream media coverage of the uprising that followed the police killings of Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. When we hear words like this, concepts charged full of meaning, we deduce things about the people involved--that they are lawless, crazed, dangerous, and violent. They are criminal objects in need of control. A discourse of criminality, when used  to discuss protestors, or those struggling to survive the  aftermath of a disaster, like Hurricane Katrina in 2004, structures beliefs about right and wrong, and in doing so, sanctions certain kinds of behavior. When criminals are looting, shooting them on site is framed as justified.  In contrast, when a concept like â€Å"uprising† is used in the contexts of Ferguson or Baltimore, or survival in the context of New Orleans,  we deduce very different things about those involved and are more likely to see them as human subjects, rather than dangerous objects. Because discourse has so much meaning and deeply powerful implications in society, it is often the site of conflict and struggle. When people wish to make social change, how we talk about people and their place in society cannot be left out of the process.

The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational...

Rizescu, M. (2011). Orgainzational Culture Influences on the Organizations Functionality. Revista Academie ForTelor Terestre. 1( 61): 75-82. Globalization has brought the world closer in communication, economics, politics, and especially business. The Internet and technological improvements have allowed instantaneous communication almost anywhere, and even poor women in India are using Smartphones to manage their banking portfolios. The idea of globalism continues to break down cultural barriers. As this continues it will be essential for organizations to not only understand, but embrace cultural differences and styles (Trebing and Estabrooks, 2005). Clearly, the changing demands of global stakeholders require new ways of approaching divergent customer bases. There are differences in style, skill, education and attitude in every organization now accentuated when we think of the multi-national organization. Correctly managed, this diversity can be a huge bonus to the organization. Organizations are far more effective once they understand and use diversity within their strategic and tactical planning process. Also, the new paradigm for global management includes creating and maintaining a diverse work environment in which cultural diversity is encourage and celebrated, rather than simply acknowledged (We need to identify and understand how our differences impact our relationships with other employees and customers. We also must create and maintain an inclusive workShow MoreRelated Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay example612 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational behavior is defined as the study of human behavior in organizations. Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary body of knowledge with strong ties to the behavioral sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology as well as to allied sciences. 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Clash of Titans, Gladiator, and Apocalypto Essay Free Essays

Film 1: Clash of Titans The director of Clash of the Titans 2010 was Louis Leterrier. The starring actors were Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes, and Gemma Arterton. The movie takes place between 8000 – 600 BCE in Argos. We will write a custom essay sample on Clash of Titans, Gladiator, and Apocalypto Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movie is about Perseus and his journey in stopping the Kraken. Perseus was found in the water in a coffin and taken care of by Spyros, a fisherman, and his wife. The humans soon declared war against the gods after being mad at them because of their mistreatment. Perseus family was killed after their boat was drowned by Hades. Zeus wanted to punish the mortals for their rebellion against the gods. So Hades gave the people of Argos one week to sacrifice the princess to save everyone of Argo or else he will release the Kraken. Perseus also discovers that he is the son of Zeus. Perseus decides to go on a quest along the army to find a way to kill the Kraken and get his revenge on Hades. Hades also sends King Acrisius to kill Perseus and he is planning on killing Zeus. Perseus and the soldiers get attack by Acrisius on there way to the Stygian Witches. The Dihing, non-human desert sorceress, helped Perseus and the soldiers kill the monsters and help heal Perseus because he is the only one that can help them get freed from the gods. When they get to the Witches they find out the only way to kill the Kraken is by using Medusa. The witches also tell Perseus that he will die. As they are leaving Perseus comes across Zeus. He gets offered to live as a god but Perseus turns him down. They then go to the underworld to Medusa’s lair. The remaining soldiers are killed by Medusa. Perseus uses his shield as a mirror and is able to cut Medusa’s head off. As he is leaving the lair Lo is killed by Acrisius but Percy kills him using the sword Zeus gave him. Meanwhile, Zeus awakes the Kraken and discoveries that Hades tricked him into making Hades more powerful. Perseus is able to return to Argo in time to stop the Kraken with the help of the Pegasus. He successfully defeated the Kraken by showing him the head of Medusa and sends Hades back to the underworld. In the end Zeus offers godhood to him but once again he turns him down. Zeus brings Lo back to live instead. This film is historically significant because it teaches us about the Greek. We can see how they lived during 8000 – 600 BCE. The way they dress, their beliefs, and government. During that time the Gods were really important. They were the ones that created mortals and they need the mortal’s prayers to live. Film 2: Gladiator Gladiator (2000) was directed by Ridley Scott. Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, and Connie Nielsen were the starring actors. The film takes places in 180 AD. It’s about Maximus the commander becoming a gladiator and all the hardships he went through. After Maximus helps wins the war he just wants to go back home. Emperor Marcus Aurelius wanted Maximus to become the emperor after he dies to stop the corruption in Rome. Commodus, the emperors’ son, is mad that he won’t be the next emperor, so he kills his father in order to become the new emperor. After the king dies Commodus orders for Maximus and his family to be executed but Maximus was able to escape. Maximum wasn’t able to save his family from getting executed. Maximus was found by slavers and taken to Zucchabar. There he was sold as a slave and forced to become a gladiator. He had to kill others in order to not get killed. He was taken back to Rome to fight at the Coliseum for the 105-day games. He was told if he won the crowded he would get his freedom. He was able to win the battles by using his commander skills to lead his team. He is now known as Spaniard the gladiator. When Commodus found out that he was Maximus the army tried to kill Maximus and the other gladiators, but they were saved by the crowd. Commodus tried killing him again by putting him to fight with the only undefeated fighter and tigers but failed. Maximus came up with a plan to get him and his men freedom and then he will kill Commodus. He wants to make Emperor Marcus wish come true and make Rome into a Senate power again. His plan failed once Commodus finds out the true by threatening his sister to make her tell him he truth. Then Commodus and Maximus fight a one on one battle in the Colosseum. Maximums was able to defeat Commodus, but in the end, he also ends up dying. Before he dies he says he wants his men freed and for Senator Gracchus to be in power again. Maximum was finally able to be reunited with his family. The movie shows a historical context by showing the lives of gladiators and what they went through. It shows that gladiators were forced to fight and the condition of life they had. It also shows how the Romans were entertained by violence in the past. We also see the way the Romans dressed, there armor, and weapons is different to today. Another historical thing shown is that during that time they also had slaves. Film 3: Apocalypto Apocalypto was a movie made in 2006. The director of the film was Mel Gibson. The starting actors were Gerardo Taracena, Raoul Max Trujillo, and Dalia Hernà ¡ndez. The movie takes place in 1511 in Veracruz. It’s about the downfall of the Mayan civilization. Jaguar Paw, a hunter, and his tribe get attack by the Mayan people. Their huts get set on fire and they fight to not get captured. Jaguar Paw was able to save his pregnant wife and son, but he was captured and his father was killed. The Mayan captured the people from the tribe but left the kids behind. When they got to the Mayan city the women were sold as slaves, while the men were to be used as a sacrifice. The Mayan wanted to sacrifice people to the gods so that they could become strong again. A solar eclipse happened which saved Jaguar Paw from being killed. The rest of the men that didn’t get sacrificed were told they could be free if they were able to run to the corn stock. They were getting shot with arrows to prevent them from succeeding. Only Jaguar paw was able to get out alive but got injured. While trying to escape he killed Zero Wolf’s son so the Mayan soldiers went after him. Using the hunting skills and the forest knowledge he learned he was able to kill all the Mayans who were after him. Jaguar Paw was able to rescue his wife, son, and newborn son before they drowned in the cave. They see ships on the shore but instead of going and investigating they decided to start a new life together in the forest. This shows history relevance because it shows how the Mayan civilization was about to fall. We also see that the people of the tribe and the Mayan dressed different. They also had different tattos and percings. It also shows the Mayan architecture like the pyramids. It also shows the language of the mayan which is Yucatec Maya. Another history relevance is the way of live of the tribe in the jungle. How to cite Clash of Titans, Gladiator, and Apocalypto Essay, Essays

The legal System of Australia

Questions: 1. What is compliance? 2. Discuss the different areas of law from topics in Week 6, 7 and 8 that emerge from these facts. Be sure to explain who may take legal action and what remedies and penalties could be applied. Cases and statutes should be used. Answers: Part 1: The legal system of Australia has provided many guidelines to run any business. Such law deals with the rules of compliance. Such rules are stated in the property law, Sales of Goods Act and intellectual property law. In order to open a business, the compliance rules are to be followed. To run a business Australia, there must be proper significance of the property or land in which the business is to be established. In the given scenario, the basic requirement is discuss the rules of compliance that are required for compliance. There has to be the discussion of the bubble characteristics as well the price of the real property. So to start a new business, the owner along with the property laws the guidelines of Consumer Protection Act is also needed to be followed must purchase the property. As customers are regarded as the key objectives of the business, there is always protection provided by the law to protect the customers. Lastly, the most important guidelines which are needed to b e followed is the laws that deal with intellectual property law because there must not be any conflict between the brand of business with another (Megarry et al. 2012). It is provided in the Property Law of Australia that the it deals with the various schemes about regulating the rights of the property in the Australian jurisdiction within the jurisdiction and other territories. It also includes the receptive of common law as well as the combining legislation. Australian property law has the observation regarding the non-uniform as well as high variation observation in its major cities as well as regions. (Bridge 2015). It is also seen that there are two types of property in Australia, which is known as real property and personal property. According to law, the term real property means the real estate or immovable property. This means that the property is legally defined, and its improvements were done by the human efforts. This includes machinery, buildings, mines, ponds, wells, roads, etc. Another type of property included under this law is known as the personal property. Thus, personal property can be stated as those properties which are movable. Movable properties are thus, stated as the large livestock property. But it does not include the immovable property rather the property which are established upon it are regarded as the personal property which includes wildlife, small livestock, etc. Thus, to establish the afresh business, there is a requirement of real property in Sydney to establish the business (Badenhorst et al. 2012). After establishing the business, the owner must be aware of Sale of Goods and Consumer Protection Act. The customers are regarded as the basic part of a business based on whom the business runs, so the Australian Consumer Law helps in providing the protection to them. Australian consumer law provides good services to the customer about the goods and services, as consumer protection laws deal with the organizations which ensure the total rights of the consumers as well as a legal trade and also provides correct and proper information regarding the market to make the customer aware. This act also provides proper protection for the most who belongs from the vulnerable society. The laws also provide protections against fraud and illegal or unfair trade practices. This law is a version of government regulations to provide the rights of the customers. Consumer protection is regarded as the rights of the consumer as well as the in the formation of the organization of the consumers. These se rvices must be clearly provided to consumers as the consumers are regarded as the person who acquires the services and goods for the use of ownership directly, using it production and manufacture rather than selling it. This law also states that the consumer protection law in Australia helps in protecting the interest of the consumer and also protects the promotion of competition in the market. This also strictly protects the consumers through the assertion via non-government organizations (Latimer 2012). There are also various safety measures given by the Australian Consumer Law to protect the customers which can be regarded as follows: Safeguarding to the customers against the hazardous goods which can affect their life as well as property. It is also the right of the consumer to get informed about the quantity, quality and price of the good. The customers must be provided with proper feedback from the company. The customer should also be provided with the wide variety of goods to purchase (Carney 2012). Lastly, the suggestion to establish the business is following the guidelines of the intellectual property law. This law deals with the patent system so that there is no issue of copyright. So it can be stated that according to Section 51 of Australian constitution the patent is the legal and basic rights. It is stated that the parliament according to this Constitution has the power to make laws and also to also to implicate the laws with peace, good government and order. Australian Patent Law is regarded as the temporary monopoly based on the use of invitation. Australia is regarded as the member state in the World Intellectual Organization (WIPO) (Davis 2012). According to the patent law of Australia, it is classified into two classes: The standard patent which has a term of almost 20 years. A patent, which is innovative with the lower threshold for the inventiveness, the term, must be of maximum eight years (McManis 2012). As per the law, it is stated that the process in the innovation process is faster and has lower fees. Like the rest of the world, Australia is regarded as operators in first file system regarding patent. It is also stated that the Australian Intellectual Property reports for generator in monitoring and for prosecution regarding Australian trademarks and patents Schwenzer et al. 2012). Thus, the supportive legal suggestion to establish proper a business in Sydney must be based on the following legal points as mentioned above viz Property Law, Sale of Goods and Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property (Burrows 2013). Part B: In this case study, it is seen that Manny and Bella are married from the year 2008, and they run their own business of selling pizza in the city. They named their business as Perfect Domino Pizza. Thus, they visited the showroom of Tuscan ovens Pty. Ltd to buy pizza for their own business. They asked the Manager of Tuscan and asked for the heavy duty to cook at least 30 pizzas per hour for 16 continuous hours per day. Manny also informs the manager that such an oven it required otherwise they will lose the customer during the pick hours. The manager assured them they would provide them new Tuscan XX commercial will satisfy their requirement. According to t o the statement and recommendation made by the manager Manny and Bella purchased an oven with $15,000. While they were waiting for the delivery of the pizza Manny and Bella started advertising the new oven in their restaurant but they decided to refer it as MB oven, and they did not mention the name of the real register Tuscan XX. Soon when the oven was installed, and they discovered that only 12 Pizza were provided in an hour. As a result, the business started losing money. Tuscan said they would not discuss this matters with Manny and Bella. According to this problem, we can implement the rules of customer protection laws because here the Tuscan did not fulfill the contract. As that the oven could made only 12 pizzas in an hour where they were to make 30 pizzas. In Australia Consumer Protection Law or consumer law is regarded as that the private law is the relation between business and also the individual consumer (Corones 2013). This law protects the customer against the fraud in case if any one suffers it. In this matter it is regarded as the fraud because Tuscan XX didn't fulfil the contract as they failed to make 30 pizzas and return only provided with 12 pizzas, later they even didn't discuss the Manny and Bella. Thus, the rules regarding fraud can be stated under the Consumer law protects a wider range of topics which includes privacy right, product liability, unfair practice regarding business, misrepresentation, fraud and other various kinds of business or other consumer interactions. It prevents the consumers fr om scams and fraud regarding sales as well as services contract. Certain things which are included under this circumstance include pricing, bill collector, personal loans utility turnoffs, etc. which may result in bankruptcy (Whish and Bailey 2015). There are various rights, which are provided by the Australian Consumer Law to protect the consumers from various aspects, which include: Safety rights- to safeguard the customers from the goods which are hazardous to their property and our life thus to make them aware of it. Information right- Each student must be given proper information regarding the products or the goods, which include the quantity, price as well as the quality. Choice of product- to choose and buy the proper product the consumers must be given the option of the wide range as well as various other choices. To satisfy the basic needs of the customer- It states about the right and basic needs that the people can demand such as health care, education, proper goods and services, clothing, food, sanitation, water and public utilities. Redressing rights- This Act provides the power to the customer to seek redress in regards to complaints. Educational rights of the consumer- The customers must be properly educated about their rights. Healthy environmental rights- This rights state about the right to live as well as the proper environment which is not at all threat to the present as well as future generations (Nayak 2015). Further, it can be stated regarding customer protection right that it defines consumer as someone who acquires goods as well as services to use the ownership rather than sell of products and manufacturers (Bently and Sherman 2014). But in this problem, Tuscan XX was able to meet the needs of Manny and Bella, so thus, it can be regarded as a case of fraud. Fraud according to law is regarded as a civil wrong. A Civil wrong is defined in the law of tort and also defined as a criminal offense (Aplin et al. 2013). The remedies of fraud under the law of tort may include the recession to obtain agreement or transactions by the means of fraud, damages which are punitive, deter the misconduct, etc. In this matter fraudulent is regarded as a defense in the civil contract, breach of contract, or rather the specific performance in a contract. But in a case of criminal offenses the category of fraud includes forgery, bank fraud, and fraud in insurance. Other requisites which are included in the criminal offenses regarding fraud can be stated as theft by the means of false representation, criminal fraud, etc. this amounts into remedy in the form of punishment or fine (Davison et al. 2016). In the case of ACCC v Cement Australia [2013] FCA 909 (10 September 2013), it was stated in this case that ACCC alleged for four exclusive contracts to acquire flash. The judgment of this case was handed down by 10 of September 2013. Justice Greenwood and the Federal Court of Australia that under section 45 of the Act Cement Australia was in enormous contraventions noticed it and there was a prohibition as well as effects of entering into on another agreement. Looking into the pros and corns of the court came to a conclusion and charged a penalty of $90 million for the purpose of general and specific deterrence. In this case, Tuscan XX is charged under fraud as they haven't provided any proper cause to many and Bella for not producing the pizza (Ricketson et al. 2012). Reference list: Aplin, T.F., Aplin, T. and Davis, J., 2013. Intellectual property law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press. Badenhorst, P., Freedman, W., Pienaar, J. and Van Wyk, J., 2012. The principles of the law of property in South Africa. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Bridge, M., 2015. Personal property law. OUP Oxford. Burrows, A. ed., 2013. English private law. OUP Oxford. Carney, T., 2012. Guardianship,social citizenship and theorising substitute decision-making law. In Beyond Elder Law (pp. 1-17). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Corones, S.G., 2013. The Australian Consumer Law. Thomson Reuters, Lawbook Co.. Davis, J., 2012. Intellectual Property Law Core Text. Oxford university press. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Latimer, P., 2012. Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. McManis, C.R., 2012. Biodiversity and the Law:" Intellectual Property, Biotechnology and Traditional Knowledge". Routledge. Megarry, R., Wade, W., Harpum, C., Bridge, S. and Dixon, M.J., 2012. The law of real property. Sweet Maxwell. Nayak, R.K., 2015. Consumer protection law in India: an eco-legal treatise on consumer justice. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., 2012. Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths. Schwenzer, I., Hachem, P. and Kee, C., 2012. Global sales and contract law. Oxford University Press. Whish, R. and Bailey, D., 2015. Competition law. Oxford University Press, USA.

Soul Of Descartes Essays - Philosophy Of Mind, Cognition

Soul Of Descartes Out of all the philosophers we have examined in this unit, Rene Descartes (On Thinking and the Soul) presents the best argument about what a soul and body are. In contrast, I believe that Locke`s interpretation of the body, mind, soul and self was my least favorite interpretation. Rene Descartes believed the soul is a pure, unitary thinking thing that has no weight and occupies no space. The soul, according to Descartes, has clear and distinct ideas of matters that can be conceived of in mathematical terms. The body, according to Descartes, is a material thing that operates mechanically, in accordance of cause and effect. The body moves mechanically through muscles and nerves and generates its own heat. Identity, Descartes believed, comes from the soul. The body acts as a container for the soul and is completely separate from a person`s identity. Descartes also believed that thoughts in the soul depend only on the soul and not on the body. Therefore, since the only thing that the soul can do is think than he must be a soul. Locke believed that Descartes equation of the soul is completely false. Locke noted that if the soul left the body during sleep (Descartes) than it could body hop into other individual. This outcome of Descartes theory is completely absurd to Locke. Locke believed that the identity of a person comes from his/her body. According to Locke, the same soul criterion used by Descartes won`t do as an explanation. He believed that same matter could not be used as a criterion for human identity because matter in ones body turns over through the death of old cells and the birth of new ones. I agree with Descartes notion of self-identity because the soul is separate from the body. I believe that ones body is plagued with several particulars such as hair, arms, legs etc. The soul is a universal entity, meaning everyone has one. I disagree with Locke`s account of the body as a person`s identity because he believed that people could lose consciousness or memory over parts of their lives. This lost part of someone`s life would cause that person to change his/her identity. I believe that if the soul is the thinking agent and if it is universal, than it could not and would not lose consciousness or memory, causing a person to keep his/her original identity. Rather, when consciousness or memory is lost, it is lost due to the imperfections found in a person`s material shell, the body I believe, thanks to Descartes, that a person has two separate entities. The first is the body. The body is made up of particulars and other matter that allows it to function like a container. The second entity is the soul. Here, all thinking processes are done, the function of the brain is to separate the sensations throughout the body.

Bacteriophage Life Cycle Animation

Bacteriophage Life Cycle Animation Bacteriophages are viruses that infect​ bacteria. A bacteriophage can have a protein tail attached to the capsid (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria. All About Viruses Scientists have long sought to uncover the structure and function of viruses. Viruses are unique they have been classified as both living and nonliving at various points in the history of biology. A virus particle, also known as a virion, is essentially a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Viruses are extremely small, approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in diameter. Virus Replication Viruses are intracellular obligate parasites, which means that they cannot reproduce or express their genes without the help of a living cell. Once a virus has infected a cell, it will use the cells ribosomes, enzymes, and much of the cellular machinery to reproduce. Viral replication produces many progeny that leave the host cell to infect other cells. Bacteriophage Life Cycle A bacteriophage reproduces by one of two types of life cycles. These cycles are the lysogenic life cycle and the lytic life cycle. In the lysogenic cycle, bacteriophages reproduce without killing the host. Genetic recombination occurs between the viral DNA and the bacterial genome as the viral DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome. In the lytic life cycle, the virus breaks open or lyses the host cell. This results in the death of the host. Bacteriophage Life Cycle Animation Below are animations of the lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage.Animation AThe bacteriophage attaches to the cell wall of a bacterium.Animation BThe bacteriophage injects its genome into the bacterium.Animation CThis animation shows the replication of the viral genome.Animation DBacteriophages are released by lysis.Animation ESummary of the entire lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage.

(the public problem that you choose) Assignment

(the public problem that you choose) - Assignment Example Rate of Obesity in Adults Approximately 68 per cent of grownups are having obesity and in America only 75 million grownups are obese, according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2008. Rate of Obesity in Children The rate of obesity is on the rise in children as well. The rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 2 to 5 years has more than doubled in the last 30 years, while the rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 6 to 11 years has tripled in the last 30 years and the rate of obesity in youngsters between the ages of 12 to 19 years has increased to more than triple in the last 30 years. Furthermore, according to statistics I child in every 6 children is obese and almost 17 per cent of American children between the ages of 2 to 19 years have obesity. Why Obesity needs to be addressed? Obesity does not only cause the increase in the weight and makes one lazy but it is also gives rise to many other health problems which remain conne cted with the obese person for the lifetime. The person having obesity has greater chances of having diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type-2 diabetes, some kind of cancers, gout, arthritis, coronary thrombosis and  gall bladder, liver disorders and certain long lasting illnesses. It has been shown by research that a child who has obese becomes overweight and takes obesity in his adulthood. In the United States only among adults of age 20 and older 13 per cent have diabetes and among these 13 per cent 40 per cent have not been diagnosed earlier with obesity, the statistics have been showed by 2005-2006 NHANES survey. 95 per cent of all diabetics have type 2 diabetes and almost all of the undiagnosed patients having diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Pre-diabetes does not have any symptoms and the increased risks of having type 2 diabetes and heart diseases which majorly include heart attacks or strokes are caused by pre-diabetes. Causes and alternatives of Obesity O besity is usually caused as a result of eating more food as compared to the physiological requirement of the body. People who do not take part in the activities of life actively, prefers sedentary routine and are habitual of taking in food more than required by their daily life style are prone to become obese. People do not succeed in adjusting their desire of eating food according to their requirement gain weight and as a result become obese. The possibility of occurrence of obese is equal in both sexes i.e. male and female and can arise at any age. Normally women become obese after their pregnancy or in menopause. During pregnancy women usually gains a lot of weight which they fail to shed after the birth of their new born. This extra fat stored in their body makes them obese. The problem of obesity is a serious public issue and should be dealt seriously as this excessive storage of fat is the cause of having stress not only on heart but also on kidneys and liver as well. This ext ra weight caused by the excessive storage of fats puts strain on the joints like knees, ankles and hips that causes shortening of duration of life. Though recently much have been done to increase the awareness about obesity and the dangers it causes to the human life but a lot is still left to be done. Isolated, bored, unloved, hopeless, sad, unsatisfied and displeased with their family members, financial dissatisfied are the people who become involved in the habit of